Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Logistics quốc tế – Đề 9

LCL stands for 'Less than Container Load'. It refers to shipments that are not large enough to fill a full container and are consolidated with other shipments for transport.

Transshipment refers to the process of transferring goods from one vessel or mode of transport to another during their journey. This often occurs at hub ports or logistics centers to optimize routes and connect different shipping services.

Fumigation is a process of using gaseous pesticides to eliminate pests and insects in cargo, containers, and packaging. It is essential in international logistics to comply with phytosanitary regulations and prevent the spread of harmful organisms across borders.

The widespread adoption of IoT and real-time tracking technologies has revolutionized international logistics by providing unprecedented visibility into supply chains, enabling real-time monitoring of goods, optimizing routes, and improving overall efficiency. Technologies like GPS tracking, RFID, and sensor networks are key components of this advancement.

The ATA Carnet is an international customs document that permits the duty-free and tax-free temporary import of goods for specific purposes like trade fairs, exhibitions, or professional equipment. It simplifies customs procedures and reduces costs for temporary imports.

EXW (Ex Works) places the minimum obligation on the seller. The seller only needs to make the goods available at their premises. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from that point onwards, including loading the goods onto transport and arranging export and import clearance.

The Bill of Lading (B/L) has three main functions: it acts as a contract between the shipper and the carrier, a receipt for the goods shipped, and most importantly, as a document of title, which can be used to transfer ownership of the goods.

While currency fluctuations and political instability are direct risks in international logistics, and inventory obsolescence can be exacerbated by longer international supply chains, fluctuations in domestic interest rates are generally less of a direct operational risk compared to the others. Domestic interest rates are more related to financing and broader economic conditions.

Freight forwarders are intermediaries who specialize in arranging the transportation of goods. Their services include transportation arrangement, documentation, warehousing, and rate negotiation, but they do not typically manufacture the goods being shipped.

CAF stands for Currency Adjustment Factor. It is a surcharge applied in ocean freight to compensate shipping lines for currency fluctuations, particularly between the invoicing currency and the carrier's operating currency.

Under FCA (Free Carrier), the seller fulfills their delivery obligation when they hand over the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. The named place can be the seller’s premises, a freight terminal, or any location where the carrier takes charge of the goods.

A phytosanitary certificate is a document issued by a country's plant protection organization to certify that plants, plant products, or other regulated articles are free from pests and diseases and conform to the phytosanitary import requirements of the importing country. It is crucial for international trade in agricultural products.

Sea freight is typically the most economical option for large volumes and long distances in international trade due to the large carrying capacity of ships and relatively lower fuel costs compared to other modes.

Globalization has significantly increased the complexity and length of supply chains as businesses operate across borders. This creates challenges in managing longer distances, diverse regulations, and increased coordination needs in international logistics.

CY-CY (Container Yard to Container Yard) refers to a type of shipment where the carrier takes responsibility for the container from the container yard at the port of loading to the container yard at the port of discharge. It's a common term in liner shipping.

ETA stands for Estimated Time of Arrival. It is a crucial piece of information in logistics, indicating the expected date and time a shipment is scheduled to arrive at its destination, helping in planning and coordination.

Reverse logistics deals with the flow of goods in the opposite direction of traditional supply chains, from the consumer back to the manufacturer or point of origin. This includes returns, repairs, recycling, and disposal, aiming to recapture value or ensure proper waste management.

While air freight offers speed and better security, its primary disadvantage compared to sea freight is the significantly higher cost per unit weight. Air freight is generally more expensive than sea freight for transporting the same volume of goods.

All three documents - Certificate of Origin, Packing List, and Commercial Invoice - are typically essential for customs clearance in the importing country. They provide crucial information about the goods, their origin, value, and packaging, which customs authorities need for assessment and clearance.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) publishes Incoterms, which are internationally recognized rules defining the responsibilities of sellers and buyers in international trade contracts, particularly regarding delivery of goods.

Deadweight tonnage (DWT) measures a ship's carrying capacity in terms of weight. It represents the total weight of cargo, fuel, crew, provisions, and ballast that a ship can carry when loaded to its maximum permissible draft.

HS code stands for Harmonized System code. It's an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. Customs authorities worldwide use HS codes to identify products when assessing duties and taxes and for gathering statistics.

A bonded warehouse is a secure facility authorized by customs authorities to store imported goods without the importer needing to pay duties and taxes immediately. These charges are only paid when the goods are withdrawn for domestic consumption, offering cash flow benefits.

Drayage refers to the short-haul transportation of goods, commonly involving the movement of containers or cargo between ports, rail yards, intermodal terminals, and warehouses or distribution centers, usually within a local or metropolitan area. It's often a critical part of the first or last mile in international shipping.

Under Incoterms 2020, both CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) and CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) are the Incoterms that obligate the seller to procure and pay for insurance coverage for the buyer's benefit during the main carriage.

Demurrage is a charge levied by shipping lines for the shipper or consignee exceeding the agreed-upon free time for using containers at the port or terminal. It's meant to incentivize the prompt removal of containers.

Intermodal transportation involves using multiple modes of transport (e.g., sea, rail, road) under a single contract. The main advantage is reduced handling of goods as they remain in the same container throughout the journey, potentially lowering costs and simplifying logistics management.

The primary factors determining the choice between air and sea freight are the shipment's weight and volume, and the urgency of delivery. Air freight is preferred for urgent, high-value, or low-volume shipments, while sea freight is better for large, less time-sensitive, and cost-sensitive cargo.

Cross-docking is a warehousing strategy where goods are received at a warehouse or distribution center and are immediately prepared for outbound shipment, often without being stored for any significant period. It aims to streamline flow and reduce warehousing time.

DDP (Delivery Duty Paid) requires the seller to deliver the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, with all costs, including import duties and taxes, paid. This places the maximum obligation on the seller.