Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Sinh lý nội tiết – Đề 2

1. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Growth hormone (GH)

B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

2. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder related to problems with which hormone?

A. Thyroid hormone

B. Growth hormone

C. Insulin

D. Cortisol

3. Oxytocin is often referred to as the 'love hormone′ or 'bonding hormone′. Where is oxytocin produced and what are its primary functions?

A. Produced in the adrenal gland; functions in stress response and metabolism.

B. Produced in the pancreas; functions in blood glucose regulation.

C. Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; functions in social bonding, reproduction, and childbirth.

D. Produced in the thyroid gland; functions in metabolic rate regulation.

4. Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. What is the primary effect of growth hormone?

A. Decreasing blood glucose levels.

B. Promoting growth and development, especially of bones and muscles.

C. Regulating thyroid hormone secretion.

D. Controlling the stress response.

5. Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone?

A. Testosterone

B. Estrogen

C. Insulin

D. Aldosterone

6. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines in response to stress. Which of the following is a primary catecholamine hormone released by the adrenal medulla?

A. Cortisol

B. Aldosterone

C. Epinephrine (adrenaline)

D. Testosterone

7. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex. What is the main function of aldosterone?

A. Regulating blood glucose levels.

B. Controlling stress response.

C. Regulating sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure.

D. Promoting calcium absorption.

8. Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine gland in the human body?

A. Pituitary gland

B. Thyroid gland

C. Salivary gland

D. Adrenal gland

9. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble. How do steroid hormones typically exert their effects on target cells?

A. By binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger systems.

B. By directly diffusing across the cell membrane and binding to intracellular receptors.

C. By stimulating the release of neurotransmitters at nerve synapses.

D. By altering the permeability of ion channels in the cell membrane.

10. Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system generally has:

A. Faster and more localized responses.

B. Slower but more widespread and sustained responses.

C. Responses that are only involved in involuntary actions.

D. Less specific target cells and effects.

11. Negative feedback loops are crucial for maintaining hormonal homeostasis. What is the primary effect of a negative feedback loop in hormone regulation?

A. To amplify the initial stimulus and increase hormone secretion.

B. To counteract the initial stimulus and decrease hormone secretion.

C. To create rapid fluctuations in hormone levels.

D. To maintain hormone levels at a constantly increasing rate.

12. The pituitary gland, often called the 'master gland′, is controlled by which part of the brain?

A. Cerebellum

B. Hypothalamus

C. Cerebrum

D. Brainstem

13. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone from the adrenal cortex, has several effects on the body. Which of the following is a primary effect of cortisol?

A. Decreasing blood glucose levels.

B. Promoting protein synthesis and muscle growth.

C. Increasing blood glucose levels and suppressing the immune system.

D. Lowering blood pressure and heart rate.

14. Cushing′s syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of which hormone?

A. Insulin

B. Thyroid hormone

C. Cortisol

D. Growth hormone

15. What is the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis?

A. To lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

B. To raise blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

C. To regulate sodium and potassium balance.

D. To suppress the immune system.

16. Acromegaly is a condition caused by the overproduction of which hormone in adulthood?

A. Thyroid hormone

B. Growth hormone (GH)

C. Cortisol

D. Insulin

17. Hashimoto′s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects which gland?

A. Adrenal gland

B. Thyroid gland

C. Pituitary gland

D. Pancreas

18. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. Which two main hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A. Insulin and glucagon

B. Cortisol and aldosterone

C. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

D. Estrogen and progesterone

19. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands. What is the primary function of hormones in the body?

A. To provide structural support to organs and tissues.

B. To catalyze biochemical reactions within cells.

C. To regulate and coordinate the activities of different cells and organs.

D. To transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

20. Melatonin is a hormone primarily involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles. Which gland mainly produces melatonin?

A. Pituitary gland

B. Thyroid gland

C. Pineal gland

D. Adrenal gland

21. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight′ response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels?

A. Insulin

B. Glucagon

C. Epinephrine (adrenaline)

D. Thyroxine (T4)

22. Prolactin is a hormone primarily known for its role in lactation. What is the main function of prolactin?

A. To stimulate ovulation.

B. To initiate and maintain milk production in mammary glands.

C. To regulate thyroid hormone secretion.

D. To control blood glucose levels.

23. Which of the following is an example of a hormone that uses a second messenger system to exert its effects on target cells?

A. Estrogen

B. Cortisol

C. Insulin

D. Thyroxine (T4)

24. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and glycogen storage in the liver?

A. Glucagon

B. Insulin

C. Cortisol

D. Epinephrine

25. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A. Endocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts, while exocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

B. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to specific locations.

C. Endocrine glands are only found in animals, while exocrine glands are only found in plants.

D. Endocrine glands regulate metabolism, while exocrine glands regulate reproduction.

26. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. To lower blood glucose levels.

B. To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume.

C. To stimulate thyroid hormone release.

D. To increase heart rate and blood pressure.

27. What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A. To lower blood calcium levels.

B. To raise blood calcium levels.

C. To regulate blood glucose levels.

D. To control blood pressure.

28. Which hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion in females, and sperm production in males?

A. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

C. Prolactin

D. Oxytocin

29. Graves′ disease is another autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, but in contrast to Hashimoto′s, it typically leads to:

A. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

B. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)

C. Adrenal insufficiency

D. Diabetes mellitus

30. Luteinizing hormone (LH) has different roles in males and females. What is the primary function of LH in females?

A. Stimulating sperm production.

B. Promoting uterine contractions during childbirth.

C. Triggering ovulation and stimulating the corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

D. Regulating metabolic rate.