Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Sinh lý nội tiết – Đề 1

1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is crucial for calcium homeostasis. What is the primary target organ of PTH that leads to increased blood calcium levels?

A. Liver

B. Pancreas

C. Kidney

D. Thyroid gland

2. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in regulating:

A. Blood pressure

B. Body temperature

C. Circadian rhythms

D. Appetite

3. Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure. Which of the following is NOT a major class of hormones?

A. Peptide hormones

B. Steroid hormones

C. Amine hormones

D. Carbohydrate hormones

4. What is the primary function of calcitonin?

A. Increase blood calcium levels

B. Decrease blood calcium levels

C. Regulate blood glucose levels

D. Stimulate bone resorption

5. Which of the following mechanisms of hormone action involves direct gene activation?

A. Activation of second messengers

B. Binding to cell surface receptors

C. Binding to intracellular receptors

D. Alteration of membrane permeability

6. The adrenal gland secretes several important hormones. Which region of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing cortisol?

A. Adrenal medulla

B. Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

C. Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

D. Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

7. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, primarily regulates:

A. Blood glucose levels

B. Sodium and potassium balance

C. Stress response

D. Reproductive function

8. The adrenal medulla primarily secretes which of the following hormones?

A. Cortisol and aldosterone

B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C. Androgens and estrogens

D. Insulin and glucagon

9. Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A. Testosterone

B. Estrogen

C. Progesterone

D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

10. What is the primary mechanism of action of peptide hormones?

A. Directly entering the cell nucleus

B. Binding to intracellular receptors

C. Activating second messenger systems via cell surface receptors

D. Altering gene transcription directly

11. Compared to peptide hormones, steroid hormones generally have:

A. Faster onset of action

B. Shorter half-life

C. Longer duration of action

D. Higher water solubility

12. Which of the following hormones is derived from cholesterol?

A. Insulin

B. Growth hormone

C. Cortisol

D. Epinephrine

13. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in endocrine regulation. Which of the following is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary?

A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

14. Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A. Weight gain

B. Fatigue

C. Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

D. Heat intolerance

15. In the context of stress response, which hormone is considered the primary 'stress hormone′?

A. Insulin

B. Cortisol

C. Thyroxine (T4)

D. Melatonin

16. Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the pancreas that play key roles in glucose homeostasis. What is the primary effect of glucagon?

A. Increase glucose uptake by cells

B. Promote glycogen synthesis in the liver

C. Stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver

D. Decrease blood glucose levels

17. Acromegaly is a condition resulting from excessive secretion of which hormone in adulthood?

A. Insulin

B. Thyroid hormone

C. Growth hormone

D. Cortisol

18. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Increase blood glucose levels

B. Promote sodium excretion

C. Increase water reabsorption in the kidneys

D. Stimulate thirst

19. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is primarily caused by:

A. Insulin resistance in target tissues

B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

C. Excessive glucagon secretion

D. Increased cortisol production

20. Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system generally:

A. Acts faster and has shorter-lasting effects

B. Acts slower and has longer-lasting effects

C. Uses electrical signals for communication

D. Is primarily involved in rapid, immediate responses

21. Growth hormone (GH) has diverse effects on the body. Which of the following is NOT a primary effect of growth hormone?

A. Stimulation of protein synthesis

B. Promotion of bone growth

C. Increase in blood glucose levels

D. Decrease in lipolysis

22. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D. Prolactin (PRL)

23. Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, plays a role in:

A. Lowering blood glucose levels

B. Increasing appetite

C. Regulating long-term energy balance and appetite suppression

D. Stimulating insulin secretion

24. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a crucial hormonal system involved in regulating blood pressure. What is the initial trigger for RAAS activation?

A. High blood sodium levels

B. Low blood potassium levels

C. Low blood pressure

D. High blood glucose levels

25. Which hormone is essential for uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding?

A. Prolactin

B. Estrogen

C. Oxytocin

D. Progesterone

26. Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A. Growth hormone (GH)

B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

C. Oxytocin

D. Prolactin

27. What is the primary target organ for luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Ovaries

C. Adrenal glands

D. Liver

28. What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

A. Stimulation of testosterone production

B. Promotion of spermatogenesis (sperm production)

C. Development of secondary sexual characteristics

D. Regulation of libido

29. Cushing′s syndrome is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of:

A. Thyroid hormone

B. Growth hormone

C. Cortisol

D. Insulin

30. Negative feedback loops are essential for maintaining hormonal homeostasis. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system?

A. Oxytocin release during childbirth

B. Prolactin secretion stimulating milk production

C. Thyroid hormone inhibiting TRH and TSH release

D. LH surge triggering ovulation