Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Sinh lý nội tiết – Đề 13

1. Which of the following is an example of a hormone that utilizes a second messenger system to exert its effects on target cells?

A. Cortisol

B. Estrogen

C. Insulin

D. Thyroxine (T4)

2. In females, which hormone is primarily responsible for the thickening of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

3. In the context of the menstrual cycle, which hormone is primarily responsible for ovulation?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

4. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) have a wide range of effects on the body. Which of the following is a major effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism?

A. Decrease basal metabolic rate (BMR).

B. Increase glucose storage as glycogen.

C. Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and heat production.

D. Promote fat storage and reduce lipid breakdown.

5. Which gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Pineal gland

C. Adrenal gland

D. Pituitary gland

6. Cushing′s syndrome is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Which of the following is a common symptom of Cushing′s syndrome?

A. Weight loss and muscle wasting.

B. Increased appetite and weight gain, particularly in the trunk and face.

C. Low blood pressure and hypoglycemia.

D. Decreased immune function and increased susceptibility to infections.

7. Acromegaly is a condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults. What is a characteristic feature of acromegaly?

A. Decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.

B. Proportional overgrowth of all body tissues.

C. Enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features.

D. Significant decrease in muscle mass and strength.

8. The adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex are distinct parts of the adrenal gland with different functions. Which of the following correctly pairs an adrenal region with its primary hormone?

A. Adrenal medulla: Cortisol

B. Adrenal cortex: Epinephrine

C. Adrenal medulla: Aldosterone

D. Adrenal cortex: Cortisol

9. Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight′ response?

A. Cortisol

B. Insulin

C. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

D. Thyroxine (T4)

10. Which of the following is a hormone primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

A. Insulin

B. Melatonin

C. Growth Hormone (GH)

D. Cortisol

11. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. What is the primary effect of aldosterone in this system?

A. To decrease sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

B. To promote vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

C. To increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.

D. To inhibit the release of renin from the kidneys.

12. Which of the following hormones is a derivative of tyrosine?

A. Cortisol

B. Insulin

C. Epinephrine

D. Aldosterone

13. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin?

A. To increase sodium excretion in the kidneys.

B. To decrease water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased urine volume.

C. To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume.

D. To stimulate thirst, increasing fluid intake.

14. Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated by hormones. Which hormone primarily acts to increase blood calcium levels?

A. Calcitonin

B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

C. Insulin

D. Aldosterone

15. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells. What is the primary mechanism by which hormones exert their effects on these target cells?

A. Directly altering the DNA sequence of the target cell.

B. Binding to specific receptors on or in the target cell.

C. Physically blocking other signaling molecules from reaching the target cell.

D. Increasing the metabolic rate of the target cell indiscriminately.

16. What is the primary function of cortisol?

A. Lowering blood glucose levels.

B. Promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion.

C. Increasing blood glucose levels and suppressing the immune system.

D. Stimulating the 'fight or flight′ response.

17. Steroid hormones and peptide hormones differ in their mechanisms of action. Which statement accurately describes a key difference?

A. Steroid hormones bind to cell surface receptors, while peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors.

B. Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids, while peptide hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

C. Steroid hormones can directly cross the cell membrane, while peptide hormones typically require cell surface receptors to initiate a response.

D. Peptide hormones have longer half-lives in the bloodstream compared to steroid hormones.

18. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating the endocrine system. Which of the following is a mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Direct neuronal innervation of anterior pituitary cells.

B. Secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.

C. Production of hormones that are directly stored and released by the anterior pituitary.

D. Regulation of blood flow to the anterior pituitary, thereby controlling hormone delivery.

19. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue. What is its primary role in the body?

A. To stimulate appetite and promote food intake.

B. To inhibit insulin secretion from the pancreas.

C. To regulate long-term energy balance by signaling satiety and reducing appetite.

D. To increase glucose production in the liver during fasting.

20. Addison′s disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone. Which of the following is a typical symptom of Addison′s disease?

A. Hypertension and edema.

B. Hyperglycemia and weight gain.

C. Hypotension, fatigue, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.

D. Moon face and buffalo hump.

21. Negative feedback loops are crucial for maintaining hormonal homeostasis. In a negative feedback loop controlling thyroid hormone secretion, what would be the effect of increased levels of thyroid hormone?

A. Stimulation of the hypothalamus to release more TRH.

B. Stimulation of the anterior pituitary to release more TSH.

C. Inhibition of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, reducing TRH and TSH secretion.

D. No effect on the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary, as thyroid hormones only affect peripheral tissues.

22. What is a common characteristic of endocrine glands compared to exocrine glands?

A. Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts, while exocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream.

B. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, while exocrine glands secrete enzymes.

C. Endocrine glands are typically located near the surface of the body, while exocrine glands are deeper within tissues.

D. Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete into ducts.

23. Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones secreted by the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels. What is the primary effect of glucagon?

A. To promote glucose uptake by cells, lowering blood glucose.

B. To stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, raising blood glucose.

C. To inhibit the breakdown of fats and proteins, conserving energy stores.

D. To increase the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, facilitating glucose entry.

24. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Growth Hormone (GH)

B. Prolactin (PRL)

C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

D. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

25. In males, which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as deepening of voice and increased muscle mass?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Testosterone

D. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

26. What is the primary target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A. Adrenal gland

B. Thyroid gland

C. Pancreas

D. Liver

27. What is the role of prolactin (PRL)?

A. Stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis.

B. Promoting milk production in mammary glands.

C. Regulating blood calcium levels.

D. Controlling blood glucose levels.

28. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is primarily caused by:

A. Insulin resistance in target tissues.

B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

C. Excessive glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.

D. Increased production of insulin by the pancreas.

29. Growth hormone (GH) is essential for normal growth and development. Which of the following is a major target tissue for GH?

A. Pancreas

B. Liver

C. Thyroid gland

D. Adrenal gland

30. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the endocrine system?

A. Regulation of metabolism and energy balance.

B. Control of growth and development.

C. Coordination of rapid responses to environmental stimuli via electrical signals.

D. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance.