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Irony is a literary device that involves a discrepancy or contrast between what is said or expected and what is actually meant or happens. It can be verbal, situational, or dramatic.

Southern Gothic literature is characterized by its setting in the decaying rural South, exploring themes of race, religion, social decay, and grotesque characters. New England Gothic, while also exploring dark themes, is often set in isolated New England locales and delves into themes of Puritan guilt, hidden sins, and psychological darkness, often linked to the region's history and austere culture.

The Enlightenment Period, also known as the Age of Reason, emphasized reason, logic, and neoclassicism. Satire and a focus on order and decorum were prominent features of this era.

John Keats defined 'negative capability' as the capacity of a poet or writer to be comfortable with uncertainty, mystery, and doubt, without feeling the need to resolve these ambiguities with facts or reason. It is the ability to remain in imaginative openness and receptivity to experience.

Modernist literature, in both English and American contexts, is marked by experimentation in form and style, including fragmentation, stream of consciousness, and a general sense of disillusionment and alienation from traditional structures and beliefs.

Postcolonial literature emerged from formerly colonized regions and challenged the dominance of traditional English literary canons. It gave voice to marginalized perspectives, critiqued Eurocentric viewpoints, and confronted the historical and ongoing impacts of colonialism and imperialism.

Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique that attempts to replicate the unstructured and continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions within a character's mind.

'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a seminal novel of the Jazz Age. It critically examines the American Dream, wealth, and social class in the 1920s.

Henry James is famous for his psychological realism, elaborate prose, and detailed exploration of characters' inner lives using complex sentences. Ernest Hemingway, in contrast, is known for his minimalist style, using short, declarative sentences and focusing on external actions and surface details, often implying deeper emotions and meanings beneath the surface.

In classical Greek tragedy, the chorus served to comment on the events of the play, provide context, express the collective emotions of the community, and often offer moral or philosophical perspectives. This concept is sometimes adapted in later plays to provide commentary or represent public opinion.

Magical realism is a literary style that combines realistic narrative techniques with elements of fantasy or magic, which are presented as ordinary and seamlessly integrated into the real world. It is prominently featured in Latin American literature but has also influenced authors in American and English literature.

John Milton is the author of 'Paradise Lost', a significant epic poem in English literature that retells the biblical narrative of the Fall of Man with profound theological and philosophical depth.

The Beat Generation writers of the 1950s in America challenged social and literary norms by rejecting materialism and conformity, embracing spontaneity, exploring Eastern spirituality, and experimenting with unconventional literary styles and themes of personal liberation and social critique.

Free verse poetry is characterized by its lack of a consistent metrical pattern or rhyme scheme. It relies on natural speech rhythms and patterns, offering greater freedom in poetic expression.

Victorian novels frequently addressed social issues, displayed moral seriousness, and examined the consequences of industrialization and social change. These themes are highly characteristic of the Victorian period in English literature.

The 'Theatre of the Absurd' is a dramatic movement that explores the meaninglessness and illogical nature of human existence. It often features nonsensical dialogue, illogical plots, and characters in absurd situations. Samuel Beckett, with plays like 'Waiting for Godot', is a prominent figure in this movement.

William Shakespeare is considered the most significant writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His plays and sonnets have had a lasting impact on literature and culture.

Modernist poets like Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot broke away from traditional poetic conventions by experimenting with free verse, imagism (clarity of imagery and precision of language), fragmentation, and intellectual complexity. They rejected Victorian sentimentality and fixed poetic forms in favor of more innovative and challenging approaches to poetry.

A 'bildungsroman', also known as a coming-of-age novel, is a genre that focuses on the protagonist's journey from childhood or youth to maturity, highlighting their psychological, moral, and social development.

The Romantic Period in English literature is characterized by gothic novels, romantic poetry, and a strong emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the sublime in nature and human experience.

Jane Austen is the author of 'Pride and Prejudice'. This novel is a classic example of a novel of manners, depicting social customs and behaviors of the English gentry.

A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains and a concluding couplet with a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. A Petrarchan sonnet is divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The octave typically rhymes ABBAABBA, and the sestet can have rhyme schemes such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The structural and rhyme scheme differences create distinct rhetorical and thematic movements within each sonnet form.

American Realism in literature aimed for an objective and truthful depiction of everyday life, focusing on ordinary people and addressing social issues with accuracy and detail.

Nathaniel Hawthorne is renowned for his works like 'The Scarlet Letter' which delve into the darker aspects of human nature and often explore themes of sin, guilt, and morality in Puritan New England.

In feminist literary criticism, the 'male gaze' refers to how literature and visual arts often present the world and women from a masculine, heterosexual viewpoint. This perspective can lead to the objectification of women and portray them primarily in relation to male desires and perspectives.

The Harlem Renaissance was a significant African American cultural and artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem, New York City. It focused on promoting and celebrating African American literature, music, art, and culture.

American Naturalism, while related to Realism, goes further by emphasizing deterministic forces such as heredity, social environment, and natural forces that shape characters' lives. It often portrays characters as victims of these forces, lacking free will, whereas Realism is more broadly focused on objective reality and social critique.

The 'Lost Generation' in American literature refers to writers who came of age during World War I and expressed feelings of disillusionment, alienation, and a loss of purpose in the post-war era.

Herman Melville is the author of 'Moby Dick'. This American novel is famous for its exploration of themes such as obsession, the nature of good and evil, and humanity's complex relationship with the natural world.

Transcendentalism, an American literary and philosophical movement, emphasized individualism, intuition, and the belief in the inherent goodness of both people and nature.