Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Quản trị giao nhận và vận chuyển hàng hóa quốc tế – Đề 4

For perishable goods, transit time is paramount. Speed is essential to maintain freshness and quality and prevent spoilage. While cost, environment, and security are important, transit time is often the deciding factor for perishables.

CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) Incoterms stipulate that the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the carriage of goods to the named port of destination. The risk transfers to the buyer once the goods are loaded on board the vessel in the port of shipment.

The Shipper's Letter of Instruction (SLI) is a crucial document provided by the shipper to the freight forwarder. It contains all the necessary details and instructions for handling the shipment, including cargo description, destination, special handling requirements, and contact information.

BAF stands for Bunker Adjustment Factor (or Bunker Surcharge). It is a surcharge applied in shipping to reflect the fluctuating costs of bunker fuel (fuel oil used by ships). It helps shipping lines adjust their freight rates to account for changes in fuel prices.

Customs brokers specialize in customs clearance procedures and documentation. Arranging physical transportation is primarily the role of a freight forwarder or carrier, not typically a customs broker's main function.

A consolidated shipment involves combining multiple Less-than-Container Load (LCL) shipments from different shippers into a Full Container Load (FCL). This allows shippers with smaller volumes to benefit from container shipping rates and efficiencies.

'Free Time' in container shipping refers to the period allowed for shippers or consignees to use containers at terminals or depots without incurring demurrage or detention charges. It's a grace period before these penalty charges kick in.

A Letter of Credit (L/C) is a financial instrument used in international trade where a bank guarantees payment to the seller (exporter) on behalf of the buyer (importer), provided that the seller presents the required shipping and commercial documents. For freight forwarders, L/Cs are relevant as they can impact payment timing, especially if the forwarder is involved in collecting payment on behalf of the exporter or needs to ensure payment for their services.

A House Air Waybill (HAWB) is issued by a freight forwarder to the shipper when consolidating multiple shipments. It acts as a contract between the shipper and the forwarder. The forwarder, in turn, receives a Master Air Waybill (MAWB) from the airline for the consolidated shipment.

Cross-docking is a logistics procedure where products from a supplier or manufacturing plant are distributed directly to a customer or retail chain with marginal to no handling or storage time. It's about direct flow-through rather than warehousing.

EXW (Ex Works) means that the seller's only responsibility is to make the goods available at their premises. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from that point.

Demurrage is a charge payable to the shipowner or airline for failure to load or discharge the ship or aircraft within the time agreed (laytime). It's essentially a penalty for delaying the transportation process beyond the allowed free time.

Reverse logistics, dealing with returns, is significantly more complex and costly in international trade. It involves navigating different countries' customs regulations, managing longer transportation distances for returns, and handling potential issues with product condition and resale value across borders.

DDP stands for Delivered Duty Paid. Under DDP Incoterms, the seller has the maximum obligation, responsible for all costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the buyer's premises, including import duties, taxes, and customs clearance in the buyer's country.

While an Import License from the importing country is crucial for import customs clearance at the destination, it's not typically a standard document required for export customs clearance in the exporting country. Export clearance primarily focuses on documents originating from the exporter and related to the goods being exported from their country.

Detention charges are incurred when the consignee holds onto the shipping container outside the port or terminal beyond the agreed free time. It's a charge for the extended use of the carrier's equipment (the container).

An NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) is a type of freight forwarder that consolidates smaller shipments into containers and then books space on vessels from shipping lines. They act as a 'carrier' to shippers by issuing their own Bills of Lading, even though they don't own or operate the ships.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) facilitates the electronic exchange of business documents between trading partners in a standardized format. This significantly speeds up communication, reduces manual paperwork, and minimizes errors in logistics processes.

Freight forwarders are intermediaries who specialize in organizing shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. They do not typically own the transportation assets but manage the logistics.

The ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code) is an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention. It establishes a framework for maritime security through minimum security arrangements for ships, ports, and government agencies, enhancing overall maritime security.

'CY/CY' (Container Yard to Container Yard) indicates that the shipper is responsible for delivering the containerized goods to the container yard at origin, and the consignee is responsible for picking them up from the container yard at destination. The carrier is responsible for the ocean transport between container yards.

Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management is a strategy focused on receiving materials and goods only when they are needed in the production process or for sale. In international shipping, this means precise timing and reliable logistics to ensure timely deliveries and minimize warehousing.

Chargeable weight in air freight is the weight used to calculate freight charges. Airlines typically charge based on either the actual gross weight or the volumetric weight (calculated based on dimensions), whichever is greater. This accounts for the space the cargo occupies in the aircraft.

Cargo insurance is designed to protect the financial interests of the cargo owner against physical loss or damage to goods during transportation from one point to another. It covers risks inherent in international shipping.

Sea freight, while slower, is significantly more cost-effective for large volumes and long distances compared to air, rail, or road freight, especially for international shipments.

EXW (Ex Works) places the least obligation on the seller. The seller's responsibility is limited to making the goods available at their premises. All other responsibilities and costs, including loading, transportation, export clearance, and import clearance, are borne by the buyer.

A Bill of Lading serves three main purposes: it's a receipt from the carrier to the shipper confirming goods receipt, it's evidence of a contract of carriage, and it can be used as a document of title to transfer ownership of the goods.

An Air Waybill (AWB) is the key document for air freight. It acts as a receipt for the goods by the airline, and it's a contract of carriage between the shipper and the airline. Unlike a Bill of Lading, it is not a document of title.

The Paris Agreement is a landmark international accord dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance. It relates to international shipping as the industry is a significant contributor to global emissions, and there's increasing pressure to reduce its carbon footprint in line with the Agreement's goals.

A Certificate of Origin (CO) is an important international trade document that certifies that goods in a particular export shipment were wholly obtained, produced, manufactured or processed in a particular country. It's crucial for customs clearance and determining applicable tariffs under trade agreements.