Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Khoa học thần kinh và hành vi – Đề 11

1. What is the main focus of the field of 'neuroethics'?

A. Developing new neuroimaging techniques.

B. Studying the neural basis of morality.

C. Examining the ethical, legal, and societal implications of neuroscience research and its applications.

D. Treating neurological disorders.

2. What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A. Regulation of hormones

B. Processing sensory information from the skin

C. Coordination of movement and balance

D. Decision making and problem-solving

3. Consider a scenario where a person experiences damage to their parietal lobe. Which of the following deficits is MOST likely to occur?

A. Difficulty with visual processing.

B. Problems with planning and decision making.

C. Impaired sense of touch and spatial awareness.

D. Loss of hearing.

4. Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward pathway in the brain and is implicated in addiction?

A. Serotonin

B. Dopamine

C. GABA

D. Acetylcholine

5. Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive bias'?

A. A random error in perception.

B. A systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

C. A deliberate and conscious distortion of facts.

D. A lack of information leading to incorrect conclusions.

6. What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron typically?

A. +50 mV

B. 0 mV

C. -70 mV

D. -120 mV

7. The myelin sheath, which insulates axons, is produced by which type of cell in the central nervous system?

A. Astrocytes

B. Microglia

C. Oligodendrocytes

D. Ependymal cells

8. What is the main function of the corpus callosum?

A. To control the pituitary gland

B. To regulate sleep-wake cycles

C. To facilitate communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

D. To process visual information

9. What is the 'placebo effect' in the context of neuroscience and behavior?

A. The actual physiological effect of a pharmacologically active substance.

B. A psychological or physiological benefit from an inert treatment, attributed to the patient's beliefs and expectations.

C. The negative side effects of a medication.

D. The process of drug metabolism in the body.

10. What is the primary function of mirror neurons?

A. To process visual information

B. To control fine motor movements

C. To fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by another

D. To regulate emotional responses

11. Which of the following is NOT typically considered a function of glial cells?

A. Providing nutrients to neurons

B. Transmitting action potentials

C. Removing waste products from the nervous system

D. Insulating axons with myelin

12. What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A. To directly control all endocrine glands

B. To produce all major hormones in the body

C. To link the nervous system to the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland

D. To regulate blood sugar levels directly

13. In contrast to glutamate, what is the primary role of GABA?

A. To enhance memory consolidation

B. To inhibit neuronal activity

C. To facilitate muscle contraction

D. To regulate appetite and hunger

14. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)?

A. Cortisol

B. Insulin

C. Melatonin

D. Thyroxine

15. What is the main characteristic of REM sleep?

A. Slow heart rate and breathing

B. High muscle tone and frequent body movements

C. Rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle atonia

D. Predominance of delta waves on EEG

16. What is the primary difference between EEG and MEG in measuring brain activity?

A. EEG measures electrical activity, while MEG measures metabolic activity.

B. EEG has better spatial resolution than MEG.

C. EEG measures electrical activity, while MEG measures magnetic fields produced by electrical activity.

D. MEG is more portable and less expensive than EEG.

17. In contrast to Broca's area, damage to Wernicke's area primarily affects:

A. Producing written language

B. Understanding language

C. Facial recognition

D. Spatial navigation

18. Damage to Broca's area in the brain typically results in difficulties primarily with:

A. Understanding spoken language

B. Producing fluent speech

C. Visual perception

D. Motor coordination

19. What is the term for the junction between two neurons where communication occurs?

A. Dendrite

B. Axon hillock

C. Synapse

D. Node of Ranvier

20. During an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase?

A. Potassium (K+)

B. Sodium (Na+)

C. Chloride (Cl-)

D. Calcium (Ca2+)

21. Which brain structure is most critically involved in the formation of new memories, particularly episodic memories?

A. Amygdala

B. Hippocampus

C. Cerebellum

D. Basal ganglia

22. Which of the following is an example of neuroplasticity?

A. The fixed and unchanging structure of the brain throughout life.

B. The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

C. The predetermined and genetically fixed functions of different brain regions.

D. The brain's inability to recover function after injury.

23. What is the function of the amygdala primarily associated with?

A. Motor coordination and balance

B. Processing and regulating emotions, especially fear and anxiety

C. Language comprehension and production

D. Decision making and planning

24. Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow?

A. Electroencephalography (EEG)

B. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

C. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

D. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

25. The prefrontal cortex is most directly involved in which of the following cognitive functions?

A. Sensory perception

B. Reflex actions

C. Executive functions such as planning and decision-making

D. Long-term memory storage

26. Which of the following best describes the primary function of neurons?

A. To provide structural support and insulation to the brain.

B. To transmit electrical and chemical signals for communication.

C. To remove waste products and maintain homeostasis in the nervous system.

D. To produce cerebrospinal fluid and cushion the brain.

27. The 'fight-or-flight' response is primarily mediated by which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A. Parasympathetic nervous system

B. Somatic nervous system

C. Sympathetic nervous system

D. Enteric nervous system

28. Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow-wave activity on EEG and is considered the deepest stage of sleep?

A. Stage 1 sleep

B. Stage 2 sleep

C. Stage 3 sleep (Slow-wave sleep)

D. REM sleep

29. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei primarily involved in:

A. Visual processing

B. Emotional regulation

C. Motor control and procedural learning

D. Language comprehension

30. What is the role of glutamate in the nervous system?

A. Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

B. Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

C. Neuromodulator primarily involved in pain perception

D. Neurotransmitter regulating sleep and mood