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Arthur Miller is a renowned American playwright known for works such as 'Death of a Salesman' and 'The Crucible'. His plays often delve into themes of the American Dream, moral responsibility, and social injustice.

The Harlem Renaissance was a flourishing of African American artistic and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem, New York City. It produced significant works of literature, music, and art that explored Black identity and experience.

'The Sound and the Fury' by William Faulkner is often considered a foundational text of the Southern Gothic genre. It explores dark, grotesque, and often disturbing themes within the context of the American South, focusing on decaying families, social issues, and psychological trauma.

Realism in literature seeks to depict life truthfully, often focusing on the everyday experiences and struggles of ordinary people. In contrast, Romanticism emphasizes emotion, imagination, and often idealizes nature and the individual, moving away from realistic portrayal.

J.K. Rowling is the British author who created the 'Harry Potter' series. These books have become a global phenomenon, significantly impacting contemporary children's and young adult literature and popular culture.

The Beat Generation in American literature was significant for its rejection of mainstream American culture and values. They embraced counterculture, spontaneity, and nonconformity, often exploring themes of alienation, spiritual quest, and social critique. Key figures include Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

Gothic literature is characterized by themes of the supernatural, mystery, horror, and decay, often exploring darker aspects of human nature and the past. Victorian literature, while also addressing social issues and sometimes incorporating elements of the gothic, generally aims for moral instruction and reflects the social norms and anxieties of the Victorian era, seeking to reinforce social order and morality.

While both movements valued emotion and nature, American Romanticism uniquely emphasized individualism and the frontier spirit. The vast American wilderness and the idea of self-reliance were central themes, distinguishing it from its English counterpart.

The Enlightenment, also known as the Neoclassical period in literature, emphasized reason, logic, and order. This era prioritized societal norms and intellectual discourse over the individual emotion and nature-focused themes of Romanticism.

Satire in literature uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's vices, follies, or abuses, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. Its primary purpose is often to provoke thought and social reform.

The 'stream of consciousness' narrative technique is a style of writing that seeks to depict the inner workings of a character's mind. It presents thoughts, feelings, and perceptions as they occur, often in a non-linear and associative manner, mimicking the natural flow of consciousness.

John Keats is a major English Romantic poet, celebrated for his odes, including 'Ode to a Nightingale' and 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'. His poetry is known for its sensual imagery, exploration of beauty, and themes of mortality and art.

T.S. Eliot is a pivotal figure in American Modernist poetry. His poem 'The Waste Land' is a landmark of the movement, characterized by its fragmentation, allusions, and exploration of post-war disillusionment.

'Oliver Twist' by Charles Dickens directly critiques the English Poor Law and depicts the grim conditions of workhouses. The novel exposes the social injustices and hardships faced by the impoverished in Victorian England.

Modernism, a major literary and artistic movement, is characterized by themes of alienation, fragmentation, and a sense of loss of faith in traditional values and institutions, particularly in the wake of World War I and rapid societal changes.

Postmodern literature is characterized by self-reflexivity, irony, and a skepticism towards grand narratives and objective truth. It often questions traditional structures and conventions, embracing fragmentation and metafiction.

Victorian literature in England is known for its engagement with the social and economic changes brought about by industrialization. It often explored issues such as poverty, class inequality, and the impact of progress on society.

'The Great Gatsby' is significant in American literature as it offers a critical examination of the American Dream during the Roaring Twenties, also known as the Jazz Age. It explores themes of wealth, class, love, and disillusionment in the pursuit of success.

Transcendentalism was an American literary and philosophical movement that emphasized individualism, intuition, and the belief in the inherent goodness of both people and nature. Key figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Emily Brontë is the author of 'Wuthering Heights'. This novel is famous for its intense emotions, gothic atmosphere, and exploration of themes like love, revenge, and social class in the Yorkshire moors.

Virginia Woolf is renowned for her use of stream-of-consciousness narration. Novels like 'Mrs. Dalloway' and 'To the Lighthouse' exemplify this technique, delving into the inner thoughts and feelings of characters in a flowing, associative manner.

Irony is a literary device that relies on a discrepancy between what is said or appears to be true and what is actually meant or true. This contrast can be verbal, situational, or dramatic.

Dramatic irony is a type of irony that occurs when the audience or reader knows something that one or more of the characters in the play or story do not. This creates suspense and anticipation, as the audience is aware of the implications of actions or words that the characters are not.

William Faulkner's works are deeply rooted in the American South and frequently explore the intricate and often troubled history and identity of the region. Themes of race, class, tradition, and the legacy of the past are central to his novels and stories.

Jane Austen is the author of 'Pride and Prejudice'. This novel is a beloved example of Regency era literature, known for its wit, social commentary, and focus on manners and marriage.

Ernest Hemingway is a prominent author associated with the Lost Generation. His works often reflect the disillusionment, trauma, and search for meaning experienced by many after World War I.

A 'Bildungsroman' is a genre of novel that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood. It is often referred to as a 'coming-of-age' story.

'Hamlet' is the Shakespearean tragedy that tells the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark. The play revolves around Hamlet's quest to avenge his father's death at the hands of his uncle Claudius.

Walt Whitman is celebrated as a major American poet, known for his use of free verse and his seminal work 'Leaves of Grass'. His poetry is characterized by its expansive scope, democratic spirit, and celebration of the individual and American life.

'Moby Dick' is a highly significant American novel by Herman Melville. It is often regarded as a quintessential work of American literature, exploring complex themes of obsession, the nature of good and evil, and humanity's struggle against nature and fate.