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An epic is a lengthy narrative poem that typically celebrates the deeds of a heroic figure. Epics often reflect the cultural values and historical context of the society from which they originate.

John Milton is most famous for his epic poem 'Paradise Lost'. This monumental work retells the biblical story of the Fall of Man, exploring themes of good and evil, free will, and divine justice in grand and elevated style.

Jane Austen is the celebrated author of 'Pride and Prejudice'. Her novels are known for their witty social commentary and exploration of societal norms and individual desires within the context of 19th-century English society.

Arthur Miller is renowned for his plays that dissect the 'American Dream' and its potential for failure and disillusionment. 'Death of a Salesman' is one of his most famous works, exemplifying these themes.

The Victorian era in English history and literature (roughly 1837-1901) is named after Queen Victoria, who reigned during this period. This era is known for its social changes, industrial growth, and distinctive literary themes and styles.

The 'Lost Generation' refers to American writers who came of age during World War I. Their works often reflected the disillusionment, loss of faith in traditional values, and sense of alienation experienced by many after the war.

While both movements share core tenets, American Romanticism distinctively emphasized individualism, the spirit of the frontier, and the exploration of the unique American landscape and national identity. This focus is tied to the context of a developing nation.

'Animal Farm' is George Orwell's allegorical novella that uses farm animals to critique totalitarian regimes. The animals' revolution mirrors historical events and critiques the corruption of revolutionary ideals.

'The Grapes of Wrath' by John Steinbeck is a powerful novel set during the Great Depression. It chronicles the arduous journey of the Joad family from Oklahoma to California as they seek refuge from the Dust Bowl and economic hardship.

Apostrophe is a literary device where a speaker directly addresses someone or something that is not present or cannot respond in reality. This is used to create emotional intensity and dramatic effect.

'Wuthering Heights' is a famous novel written by Emily Brontë, a British author. The other options are all novels by American authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Harper Lee, and J.D. Salinger.

William Shakespeare is universally acknowledged as the most prominent figure in English literature and dramatic arts. His plays and sonnets continue to be studied and performed globally centuries after their creation.

Modernism, flourishing in the early 20th century, directly challenged established literary and societal conventions. Stream-of-consciousness and fragmented narratives are key techniques used by Modernist writers to reflect the complexities of the modern human experience.

John Keats is celebrated for his odes, including 'Ode to a Nightingale' and 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'. These poems are characteristic of Romanticism for their focus on beauty, nature, emotion, and the sublime.

Postmodernism, building upon Modernism's experimentation, often goes further by incorporating metafiction, irony, and a playful self-awareness. While Modernism challenged traditions with a serious intent to find new meanings, Postmodernism often questions the very possibility of grand narratives and fixed meanings with a more skeptical and playful tone.

Geoffrey Chaucer is the author of 'The Canterbury Tales'. This work is a foundational text in English literature, known for its diverse characters and vivid depiction of medieval English society.

A 'bildungsroman', also known as a coming-of-age novel, traces the protagonist's development from childhood or adolescence to maturity, often focusing on their psychological, moral, and spiritual growth and self-discovery.

Gothic literature is characterized by its blend of horror, romance, and supernatural elements. Common features include gloomy settings, decaying architecture, and an atmosphere of mystery and suspense.

Transcendentalism prioritized intuition and individual experience over reason and societal norms. It championed the inherent goodness of humanity and nature, advocating for a spiritual connection with the natural world.

While both involve humor, parody primarily imitates a style or work for comic effect, sometimes including critique. Satire, however, uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule specifically to expose and criticize flaws, vices, or follies in individuals, institutions, or society itself. Satire has a stronger critical and often moralistic intent.

The Harlem Renaissance reached its peak during the 1920s. This era witnessed a vibrant explosion of African American artistic and intellectual expression, centered in Harlem, New York City.

Dramatic irony is a specific type of irony that occurs in dramatic works. It involves a situation where the audience or reader knows something that the characters in the play or story do not, creating tension and often tragic or comedic effects.

Macbeth is famously known as the 'Scottish Play' and is one of Shakespeare's great tragedies. It explores themes of unchecked ambition, the corrosive nature of guilt, and the influence of supernatural forces on human actions.

'To Kill a Mockingbird' by Harper Lee, while not exclusively Gothic, incorporates elements of Southern Gothic literature. Southern Gothic is a subgenre that uses Gothic elements like the grotesque, decay, and the macabre to explore the social and cultural landscape of the American South. 'To Kill a Mockingbird' features these elements in its exploration of prejudice and societal decay in a Southern town.

Walt Whitman is renowned for his free verse poetry, particularly 'Leaves of Grass'. His work is characterized by its celebration of individualism, democracy, and the common person, breaking away from traditional poetic forms.

American Realism aimed to portray life authentically, focusing on the quotidian and the experiences of common individuals. This movement reacted against Romantic idealism and sought to ground literature in observable reality.

Irony is the literary device that presents a discrepancy between literal and intended meaning. It's a powerful tool for humor, satire, and highlighting the complexities of human communication and situations.

The 'Theater of the Absurd' is a dramatic genre that emerged in the mid-20th century. It portrays the human condition as inherently meaningless and illogical, often using non-realistic and unconventional dramatic techniques to reflect this absurdity.

New Criticism, a prominent school of literary theory, emphasizes 'close reading' and focuses primarily on the text itself. It values the intrinsic qualities of the work, analyzing its form, language, and internal relationships, while minimizing the importance of authorial intent, historical context, or reader response.

Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique that aims to replicate the unstructured and continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions as they occur in a character's mind. It often disregards traditional narrative structure and grammar.