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A sonnet is a 14-line poem typically written in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme. Common sonnet forms include the Shakespearean (English) and Petrarchan (Italian).

Neoclassicism, prevalent in the 18th century, emphasized reason, logic, and order, drawing inspiration from classical Greek and Roman literature and philosophy. Romanticism, in contrast, valued emotion and individualism.

Satire is a literary genre that uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to criticize and expose societal vices, follies, or institutions. Its purpose is often to provoke thought, raise awareness, and ideally prompt social or political reform.

Post-colonial literature directly engages with the legacy of colonialism. Key themes include critiquing colonial power structures, examining the lasting impacts of colonialism, and exploring the identity, culture, and experiences of formerly colonized peoples. This contrasts sharply with literature that supported or ignored colonial realities.

In classical Greek drama, the chorus served to comment on the play's action, express public opinion, provide background information, and foreshadow events. This function is often adapted in later English and American plays through narrators, groups of minor characters, or even a single character acting as a commentator.

The Harlem Renaissance, a vibrant period of African American artistic and intellectual flourishing, primarily occurred during the 1920s. It was centered in Harlem, New York City, and involved literature, music, art, and theater.

Edgar Allan Poe is renowned for his gothic and macabre short stories and poems, including 'The Tell-Tale Heart' and 'The Raven'. While the other authors also work with elements of horror or suspense, Poe is most closely associated with the 19th-century gothic tradition in American literature.

Arthur Miller is renowned for his social dramas that often critique American society and explore ethical dilemmas. 'Death of a Salesman' and 'The Crucible' are among his most famous works, addressing themes of the American Dream, social pressure, and injustice.

Transcendentalism, prominent in 19th-century America, championed individualism, intuition, and the belief in the inherent goodness of humanity and nature. Realism and Naturalism focused on depicting reality, often emphasizing social issues.

Unreliable narration is a narrative technique where the reader cannot fully trust the narrator's account of events. This can be due to the narrator's bias, limited understanding, psychological state, or deliberate deception, forcing the reader to question the presented perspective and actively interpret the narrative.

'Stream of consciousness' is a narrative technique that seeks to depict the flow of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions in a character's mind, often in a fragmented and associative manner. It is a key feature of modernist literature.

A 'Bildungsroman' is a type of novel that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from childhood or adolescence to adulthood. It is often referred to as a 'coming-of-age' novel, tracing the character's education and maturation.

'Macbeth' is Shakespeare's tragedy about a Scottish general who, spurred by ambition and the prophecies of witches, murders his king and descends into tyranny and guilt. Othello, King Lear, and Hamlet are also tragedies but with different central plots and characters.

Naturalism, in literature, is characterized by determinism (the belief that forces beyond individual control shape destiny), social Darwinism, and a focus on the harsh realities of life. It typically DE-emphasizes free will and individual agency, portraying characters as products of their environment and heredity.

J.K. Rowling is the author of the globally popular 'Harry Potter' series, a fantasy series that has had a significant impact on contemporary literature and culture.

William Shakespeare is widely recognized as the author of 'Hamlet', a tragedy considered one of the most influential works of English literature.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as', stating that one thing IS another to imply a resemblance or shared quality. Similes use 'like' or 'as'.

Gothic fiction is characterized by elements of romance, chivalry, the supernatural, mystery, and horror, often set in medieval castles or eerie landscapes. It emphasizes atmosphere and emotion over strict realism.

'The Great Gatsby' is centrally concerned with critiquing the corrupting influence of wealth and the illusion of the American Dream. It portrays the pursuit of wealth as often leading to moral decay and disappointment, rather than genuine happiness. The novel shows the American Dream as unattainable and distorted by materialism.

Modernism, a major literary movement of the early 20th century, is associated with authors like Virginia Woolf and James Joyce. They experimented with narrative form, stream of consciousness, and explored themes of fragmentation, alienation, and the complexities of modern life.

The Beat Generation was a post-World War II American literary and cultural movement characterized by its rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternative lifestyles, and a focus on spiritual quest and counterculture. Key figures include Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

'The Scarlet Letter' by Nathaniel Hawthorne is often seen as a key work of American Romanticism due to its exploration of sin, guilt, and individual emotion within a historical setting. While 'Moby Dick' and 'Walden' also have Romantic elements, 'The Scarlet Letter' more directly embodies the movement's themes.

Free verse is poetry that does not adhere to regular meter or rhyme schemes. This allows poets greater flexibility in rhythm and line length, enabling a more conversational and natural-sounding poetic voice, often used in Modernist and contemporary poetry.

In 'Beloved', the character Beloved primarily represents the traumatic and unresolved pain of slavery, specifically the haunting legacy of slavery on individuals and communities. She embodies the unaddressed suffering and the historical wounds that continue to affect the present.

Modernist poetry is characterized by its break from traditional forms and themes. It embraces experimentation with form, uses free verse, fragmentation, and often focuses on urban life, psychological states, and disillusionment. It contrasts with earlier traditions by rejecting strict structures and romanticized themes.

John Milton is the author of 'Paradise Lost', a monumental epic poem that retells the biblical story of the Fall of Man. It is considered one of the greatest works of English literature.

Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in a play or story do not. This creates tension and can heighten the emotional impact of events as the audience anticipates outcomes unknown to the characters.

John Keats is celebrated for his odes, including 'Ode to a Nightingale' and 'Ode on a Grecian Urn', which are exemplary of Romantic poetry in their focus on beauty, sensory experience, and mortality.

Jane Austen is the author of 'Pride and Prejudice', a beloved novel of manners and social satire that explores themes of love, class, and societal expectations in 19th-century England.

'The Lost Generation' refers to a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and expressed feelings of disillusionment and moral uncertainty in the post-war era. Prominent figures include Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.