1. What is `compensation` as a translation technique?
A. Adding information to the target text that was not present in the source text.
B. Omitting information from the source text to simplify the translation.
C. Making up for the loss of a source text effect in one place by recreating a similar effect elsewhere in the target text.
D. Directly translating idioms and metaphors to maintain cultural authenticity.
2. What is `foreignization` in translation theory?
A. A strategy to make the translation sound as if it was originally written in the target language.
B. A strategy that aims to preserve the foreignness of the source text in the translation.
C. A technique used to simplify complex source texts for a wider audience.
D. The process of translating texts about foreign cultures.
3. The concept of `untranslatability` suggests that:
A. All texts are ultimately impossible to translate perfectly.
B. Some linguistic and cultural concepts are so specific that they cannot be fully conveyed in another language.
C. Machine translation will never replace human translators.
D. Translators should always aim for literal translation to minimize loss of meaning.
4. What is `intersemiotic translation`?
A. Translation between different spoken languages.
B. Translation within the same language but across different dialects.
C. Translation from one sign system to another, for example, from text to music or film.
D. Translation between written and spoken forms of the same language.
5. Why is `context` crucial in translation?
A. Context is only important in literary translation, not technical translation.
B. Context helps determine the correct meaning of words and phrases, resolve ambiguity, and ensure appropriate register and tone.
C. Context mainly helps translators understand the historical background of the source text.
D. Context is only relevant for human translators, not for machine translation systems.
6. Which of the following best describes `free translation`?
A. A translation that is available without cost.
B. A translation that prioritizes conveying the overall meaning and style, sometimes at the expense of strict accuracy of detail.
C. A machine translation output before human editing.
D. A translation done by volunteer, non-professional translators.
7. In translation theory, `Skopos theory` emphasizes the importance of:
A. The linguistic accuracy of the translation above all else.
B. The intended purpose or function of the translation.
C. Maintaining cultural distance between source and target texts.
D. The translator`s personal interpretation of the source text.
8. In translation quality assessment, `accuracy` primarily refers to:
A. The naturalness and fluency of the target text.
B. The faithfulness of the translation to the meaning of the source text.
C. The aesthetic appeal of the translated document.
D. The speed at which the translation was completed.
9. What does `intralingual translation` typically involve?
A. Translating from spoken language to written language.
B. Rephrasing or summarizing a text within the same language.
C. Translating between signed languages.
D. Converting text into a different medium, like film.
10. In translation studies, `equivalence` is often viewed as:
A. An absolute and fixed relationship between source and target texts.
B. A relative and dynamic concept, dependent on various factors like purpose and context.
C. Primarily focused on grammatical correspondence between languages.
D. Achieved only through literal, word-for-word translation.
11. What is `transliteration` in translation?
A. Translating the meaning of words from one language to another.
B. Converting text from one writing system to another based on phonetic or orthographic similarity, without necessarily translating the meaning.
C. Adapting a text for a different cultural context.
D. Summarizing a longer text into a shorter version.
12. What is the primary focus of `dynamic equivalence` in translation theory?
A. Maintaining the exact grammatical structure of the source text.
B. Producing the same effect on the target language reader as the source text did on its readers.
C. Translating word-for-word to ensure accuracy.
D. Focusing solely on the aesthetic qualities of the source text.
13. What is the `source text` in translation?
A. The translated text in the target language.
B. The original text that is to be translated.
C. The dictionary or glossary used by the translator.
D. The software used for machine translation.
14. What is `adaptation` in translation, in the context of literary or dramatic works?
A. A minor revision of a previously translated text.
B. A form of translation where the source text is rewritten to suit a different audience or medium, often involving significant changes.
C. A literal translation with added footnotes for cultural context.
D. The process of translating technical documents into simpler language.
15. What is `back-translation` used for in translation quality control?
A. To speed up the translation process.
B. To check the accuracy of a translation by translating it back into the source language and comparing it with the original.
C. To create multiple versions of a translation for different audiences.
D. To automatically correct grammatical errors in a translation.
16. In translation theory, what does `register` refer to?
A. The emotional tone of the source text.
B. The level of formality of language used in a text, appropriate to the situation, audience, and purpose.
C. The geographical dialect of the source language.
D. The copyright status of the translated text.
17. In translation, `literal translation` is often criticized for:
A. Being too creative and deviating from the source text.
B. Potentially sounding unnatural or incomprehensible in the target language.
C. Ignoring the cultural context of the source text.
D. Being too focused on conveying the meaning accurately.
18. What is `semantic translation`?
A. Translation focused on the sound and rhythm of the words.
B. Translation that prioritizes conveying the precise contextual meaning of the original text within the constraints of the target language.
C. Translation that aims to be as free and creative as possible.
D. Translation that only considers the dictionary definitions of words.
19. What is `localization` in translation and adaptation?
A. Translating only the linguistic content of a text.
B. Adapting a product or content to a specific target market, including linguistic, cultural, and technical adjustments.
C. Translating documents related to local history and culture.
D. The process of translating from a local dialect to a standard language.
20. Which of the following is a key aspect of `communicative translation`?
A. Strict adherence to the grammatical structures of the source text.
B. Focus on conveying the message in a way that is easily understood and accepted by the target audience.
C. Prioritizing aesthetic beauty over clarity of meaning.
D. Maintaining the historical context of the source text, regardless of target audience understanding.
21. What is `transcreation`?
A. A highly literal and accurate form of translation.
B. A creative adaptation of a text, often used in marketing and advertising, where the message is rewritten to evoke the same emotions and impact in a different culture.
C. Machine translation output that is post-edited by humans.
D. The process of translating spoken language in real-time.
22. What is `idiomatic translation`?
A. A word-for-word translation.
B. A translation that prioritizes conveying the natural flow and expressions of the target language.
C. A translation that focuses on preserving the idioms of the source language.
D. A translation that avoids using any idiomatic expressions.
23. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of machine translation (MT)?
A. It is generally more expensive than human translation.
B. It is always slower than human translation.
C. It may struggle with nuanced language, cultural context, and ambiguity.
D. It is incapable of translating large volumes of text quickly.
24. Which of these is NOT generally considered a type of translation according to common classifications?
A. Interlingual translation.
B. Intralingual translation.
C. Intersemiotic translation.
D. Extraterrestrial translation.
25. In translation ethics, what is `translator neutrality` often debated in relation to?
A. The translator`s choice of words in literary translation.
B. The translator`s obligation to convey the source text`s message accurately, even if they disagree with it.
C. The translator`s personal political views influencing their translation style.
D. The translator`s right to refuse to translate certain types of texts.
26. Which of the following best describes `domestication` as a translation strategy?
A. Preserving the foreign cultural elements of the source text.
B. Adapting the translation to the cultural norms and expectations of the target audience.
C. Using literal translation to maintain source text fidelity.
D. Focusing on the historical context of the source text only.
27. The `translation brief` (or `commission`) in Skopos theory primarily defines:
A. The translator`s payment rate.
B. The legal obligations of the translator.
C. The purpose, target audience, time, place, and medium for the target text.
D. The linguistic style preferred by the translator.
28. What is the `target text` in translation?
A. The original text before translation.
B. The text that is produced as the result of translation, in the target language.
C. Notes and comments made by the translator during the process.
D. The outline or summary of the text to be translated.
29. Which concept in translation theory refers to the smallest unit of meaning that can be translated?
A. Skopos.
B. Equivalence.
C. Translateme.
D. Domestication.
30. What role does `cultural competence` play for a translator?
A. It is only relevant for translating literary texts, not technical ones.
B. It is essential for understanding nuances, idioms, and cultural references in both source and target languages.
C. It primarily helps in choosing the right translation software.
D. It is less important than linguistic competence in translation.
