Đề thi, bài tập trắc nghiệm online Sinh lý nội tiết – Đề 6

1. What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A. To lower blood calcium levels.

B. To increase blood calcium levels.

C. To regulate blood glucose levels.

D. To control blood pressure.

2. Negative feedback loops are essential for maintaining hormonal homeostasis. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system?

A. The release of oxytocin during childbirth, leading to stronger uterine contractions.

B. The increase in blood glucose levels after a meal, stimulating insulin release.

C. The decrease in blood calcium levels, triggering the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

D. The surge of LH (luteinizing hormone) leading to ovulation.

3. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells. What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells?

A. Binding to membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems.

B. Entering the cell and binding to intracellular receptors, influencing gene expression.

C. Stimulating the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland.

D. Directly altering the permeability of the plasma membrane.

4. What is the main function of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?

A. Regulating blood glucose levels during fasting.

B. Controlling the stress response and inflammation.

C. Regulating sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure.

D. Promoting bone growth and calcium absorption.

5. What is the primary function of glucagon?

A. To lower blood glucose levels.

B. To increase blood glucose levels.

C. To promote protein synthesis.

D. To regulate blood pressure.

6. What is the primary function of melatonin?

A. Regulation of blood glucose.

B. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

C. Regulation of appetite.

D. Regulation of body temperature.

7. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the endocrine system. What is the PRIMARY function of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

A. Directly secreting hormones that control peripheral tissues.

B. Producing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland.

C. Filtering toxins from the blood before it reaches endocrine glands.

D. Storing hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

8. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in mammary glands after childbirth?

A. Oxytocin

B. Prolactin

C. Estrogen

D. Progesterone

9. Which of the following endocrine disorders is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance or deficiency?

A. Hypothyroidism

B. Diabetes Mellitus

C. Cushing′s Syndrome

D. Addison′s Disease

10. Addison′s disease is characterized by a deficiency in which hormones?

A. Thyroid hormones.

B. Insulin and glucagon.

C. Cortisol and aldosterone.

D. Estrogen and progesterone.

11. What is Cushing′s syndrome primarily caused by?

A. Deficiency of cortisol.

B. Excessive cortisol production.

C. Deficiency of thyroid hormones.

D. Excessive growth hormone secretion.

12. Which gland is located in the neck, inferior to the larynx, and is butterfly-shaped?

A. Parathyroid gland

B. Adrenal gland

C. Thyroid gland

D. Pituitary gland

13. What is the primary role of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the body?

A. Regulation of blood pressure.

B. Control of calcium levels in the blood.

C. Regulation of metabolic rate and body temperature.

D. Stimulation of red blood cell production.

14. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones?

A. They bind to membrane receptors and activate G proteins.

B. They enter the nucleus and directly bind to DNA.

C. They enter cells and bind to intracellular receptors, influencing gene transcription.

D. They alter membrane permeability to ions.

15. Which hormone is responsible for the 'fight or flight′ response, leading to increased heart rate and bronchodilation?

A. Cortisol

B. Insulin

C. Epinephrine

D. Thyroxine

16. Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys?

A. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

B. Calcitonin

C. Vitamin D

D. Growth Hormone (GH)

17. What is the primary mechanism of action for non-steroid hormones?

A. Directly altering gene transcription in the nucleus.

B. Binding to intracellular receptors and forming hormone-receptor complexes.

C. Binding to membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems.

D. Entering the cell and directly modifying protein structure.

18. What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, in the body?

A. To lower blood glucose levels.

B. To increase sodium excretion.

C. To promote water reabsorption in the kidneys.

D. To stimulate thirst.

19. What is the primary target tissue for growth hormone (GH)?

A. Pancreas

B. Adrenal gland

C. Liver and bones

D. Thyroid gland

20. Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver?

A. Glucagon

B. Cortisol

C. Insulin

D. Epinephrine

21. Which hormone plays a key role in the uterine contractions during labor and delivery?

A. Prolactin

B. Estrogen

C. Oxytocin

D. Progesterone

22. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, what is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia?

A. Insulin resistance in target cells.

B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

C. Excessive secretion of glucagon.

D. Increased glucose production by the liver.

23. Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone?

A. Cortisol

B. Thyroxine (T4)

C. Insulin

D. Testosterone

24. What is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

A. Cortisol

B. Aldosterone

C. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

D. Growth Hormone

25. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Growth Hormone (GH)

B. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

D. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

26. What is the main role of estrogen in females?

A. Promoting milk production.

B. Regulating blood glucose levels.

C. Developing and maintaining female secondary sexual characteristics.

D. Stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth.

27. What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

A. Stimulating sperm production (spermatogenesis).

B. Promoting the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

C. Stimulating testosterone production in Leydig cells.

D. Inhibiting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release.

28. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating follicle development in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes?

A. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

B. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

C. Prolactin

D. Growth Hormone (GH)

29. Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland′ of the endocrine system due to its control over many other endocrine glands?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Adrenal gland

C. Pituitary gland

D. Pancreas

30. Which of the following is a characteristic of hormone receptors?

A. They are typically located in the extracellular matrix.

B. They are highly specific for a particular hormone.

C. They are produced by target cells only after hormone exposure.

D. They are always located on the cell membrane.